Topic: Invariant Subspaces and Cayley-Hamilton

Worked Complex Triangularization

Why Eigenspaces Are Invariant

Using Cayley–Hamilton to Reduce Powers

Triangularizing Complex Matrices

The Minimal Polynomial and Its Existence

The Adjugate Identity as a Polynomial Matrix

Testing Invariance with a Basis

Polynomial Evaluation at a Matrix

Minimal Polynomials and Diagonalizability

Invariant Subspaces and First Examples