Steady State in Repeated Dosing
Learn how repeated dosing produces drug accumulation, steady state, peak and trough concentrations, and how dosing interval and half-life determine the time to steady state.
PK Parameter Estimation from Concentration-Time Data
Learn how pharmacokinetic parameters are estimated from concentration-time data, including model specification, parameter estimation, residual error, diagnostics, identifiability, and a worked one-compartment example.
Oral Dosing and First-Pass Metabolism
Learn how oral dosing, absorption, bioavailability, hepatic first-pass metabolism, clearance, and extraction determine systemic drug exposure and oral dose requirements.
Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics from Target Binding
Learn how target binding can produce nonlinear pharmacokinetics, why target-mediated drug disposition causes dose-dependent clearance, how mechanistic TMDD models describe drug-target binding, and how simplified Michaelis-Menten approximations can be used for interpretation and prediction.
Multiple-Dose Pharmacokinetics and Accumulation
Learn how repeated dosing changes drug concentrations over time, including accumulation, steady state, accumulation ratio, peak and trough concentrations, dosing interval, and practical multiple-dose pharmacokinetic calculations.
Loading Dose and Maintenance Dose Calculations
Learn how to calculate loading doses and maintenance doses using volume of distribution, clearance, bioavailability, dosing interval, and target drug concentrations.
IV Infusion Pharmacokinetics
Learn the pharmacokinetics of IV infusion, including zero-order drug input, concentration during infusion, steady state, infusion rate, clearance, half-life, loading doses, and post-infusion drug elimination.
IV Bolus Pharmacokinetics
Learn the fundamentals of IV bolus pharmacokinetics, including initial concentration, clearance, volume of distribution, elimination rate constants, half-life, AUC, one- and two-compartment models, and worked examples.
Half-Life and Time to Steady State
Learn how pharmacokinetic half-life determines the time required to approach steady state during repeated dosing or continuous infusion, including the five-half-life rule, accumulation, and worked examples.
Effect-Compartment Models
Learn how effect-compartment models connect plasma drug concentrations to delayed pharmacodynamic effects, including the effect-site concentration, equilibration rate constant, hysteresis, and PK/PD interpretation.