Exposure-Biomarker-Response Modeling
An introduction to exposure-biomarker-response modeling, including drug exposure, pharmacodynamic biomarkers, response relationships, model structures, interpretation, and practical applications in pharmacometrics and clinical drug development.
Emax Models for Pharmacodynamic Response
Learn how Emax and sigmoid Emax models describe pharmacodynamic concentration-response relationships, including baseline effect, maximum effect, EC50, Hill coefficients, model interpretation, worked examples, and PK/PD applications.
Drug-Drug Interaction PK/PD Models
Learn how drug-drug interaction PK/PD models describe changes in drug exposure and pharmacologic effect when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, transport, or effect of another drug.
Drug-Disease Interaction Models
Learn how drug-disease interaction models describe the relationship between drug exposure, pharmacologic effects, disease progression, treatment response, and time in pharmacometric and PK/PD analyses.
Drug Accumulation and Pharmacodynamic Accumulation
Learn how repeated dosing produces drug accumulation, how steady state is approached, and why pharmacodynamic accumulation can differ from pharmacokinetic accumulation because effects may persist after concentrations decline.
Direct-Effect PK/PD Models
Learn how direct-effect PK/PD models connect drug concentration to pharmacodynamic effect, including Emax, sigmoid Emax, baseline effects, hysteresis, model assumptions, parameter interpretation, and worked examples.
Concentration-QTc Modeling: Linking Drug Exposure to QTc
A practical introduction to concentration-QTc modeling, including QTc correction, concentration-response relationships, linear mixed-effects models, baseline adjustment, ΔΔQTc, hysteresis, model diagnostics, study design, and regulatory interpretation.
Competitive Receptor Antagonism Models
Learn how competitive receptor antagonism models describe reversible competition between agonists and antagonists, receptor occupancy, concentration-response shifts, dose ratios, and Schild analysis.
Clinical Endpoint Modeling with Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers
Learn how pharmacodynamic biomarkers can be modeled as clinical endpoints, including biomarker trajectories, exposure-response relationships, longitudinal models, Emax models, indirect-response models, variability, and clinical interpretation.
Biophase Equilibration and Ke0
Learn how biophase equilibration and the ke0 parameter describe delayed pharmacodynamic effects, including effect-site concentration, equilibration half-life, hysteresis, and PK/PD modeling.